WordPress

WordPress is a blogging tool. A blog (web-log) is an online journal, diary or commentary, presented as a website. Generally, one or more contributors (bloggers) add new content to the top of the website on a semi-regular basis.

icon_big

There are many ways that you can get access to WordPress :

sign up for an account on the WordPress site
install your own WordPress

The first option is the easiest. WordPress maintains their own website that provides free blogging accounts. To create yourself an account you simply need to visit the WordPress site and create your own account :

http://wordpress.com/signup/

If you wish to have more control over how WordPress is configured you may wish to choose the second option - installing WordPress yourself. In this case you need to visit the download site:

http://wordpress.org/download/

This second option is not recommended if you have no experience installing and setting up softwares on servers.

What is a BLOG?

A BLOG is a shortened version of the term "Web - Log". A "log" is something like a diary, and a "web - log" is a diary that is kept on the web. The first Blogs were very much like diaries, personal accounts of peoples lives. However in more recent times Blogs are used for a wide diversity of activities. Blogs are used by independent journalists for publishing, they are used by companies for reporting on internal activities, web businesses use them to inform their users what they are doing, or they are used as a kind of online magazine. There are many many other uses for Blogs.

The software behind Blogs is, unsurprisingly, known as "blogging software". Generally these softwares run on a server so contributors and readers can access the blog through a browser from anywhere in the online world. This generally means that if you cannot get internet access you cannot participate in blogging.

There are many many different blog softwares. Each of these softwares has its own approach and its own community of users. Finding a blog software that is suitable for you comes down to two basic factors:

finding a blog you can use - can you get access to a blog you can use?
functionality - does the software work the way you like and does it have the features you like?

Finding a Blog you can use

You do not need to install blogging software unless you have a specific reason to do this. There are many websites that enable you to set up a blog for free. These sites support many users and they let you set up your own blog or 'account' for free. Examples include :

WordPress.com
http://wordpress.com/signup/

Installing WordPress

This process is not easy! If you have no experience with installing software on servers then this process is probably not for you - you may wish instead to visit the WordPress site and create a Blog account for free. However if you need more control over the configuration of WordPress then the following is for you.

Pre-requisites

You need some basic system administrations skills and the following to install WordPress on your server. It is beyond the scope of this guide to walk you through each technology so a high level of prior understanding is assumed.

MySQL 4 or better (other SQL variants will require additional configuration not covered by this chapter).
PHP 4 or better

Optionally access to htaccess or server rewrites (needed for custom permalinks).

You will also need the following skills.

Familiarity with FTP/sFTP including setting directory permissions.
OR confidence with decompressing archives and changing file ownership in shell

Installing WordPress via FTP/sFTP

Download WordPress.
http://wordpress.org/latest.zip
Double click to decompress the "latest.zip" file. This creates a "wordpress" directory.
Create a new directory called "uploads" within the "wp-content" directory inside the "wordpress" directory.
Upload the contents of the "wordpress" directory to the root of your website, or into a subdirectory, e.g.: a "blog" directory.
Find out where to set file permissions or CHMOD in your FTP/sFTP client.
Set the permissions on the root directory and the "uploads" directory to be read/write/execute (777) for all users.

Installing WordPress via the command line

Download the latest version of Wordpress.

curl -O http://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz

Decompress it into the "./wordpress/" directory.
```
tar zxf latest.tar.gz
```
Move the contents to the root directory of your webserver, or a subdirectory therein.
```
mv wordpress/* webroot/
```
Make an uploads directory in the place WordPress expects it to be.
```
mkdir -p webroot/wp-content/uploads
```
Discover the User that Apache runs under, in this case "www"
```
grep -r ^User\  /etc/httpd/ 
```
Set the permissions of the root directory and uploads directory
```
sudo chown www webroot/ webroot/wp-content/uploads/
```

Completing the installation

Before continuing you will need

The name of the database you will be using. i.e.: user1db
The username that allows access to that database. i.e.: user1
The password associated with that user.

Browse to the front page of your website e.g.: http://mywordpress.com/

The automatic configuration scripts will guide you through the next part of the process.

Click the link that offers to "Create a wp-config.php file through a web interface".
Click the link that invites "If you"re all ready, let"s go!".
Enter the information required, that you have already gathered. For table prefix, change "wp_" as offered to something meaningful such as "blog1_"
Press "Submit".
If no errors occur, press the "If you are ready, time now to run the install!" link.
Write in the first field the name of your blog. Note: This can be changed at any time.
e.g. : "Getting started with Wordpress"
Enter your email address. This is the only way to retrieve an administrator password in the event that you loose it and have no other administrator users.
Allow my blog to appear in search engines ... [needs work, explain what the ramifications are of this]
Press the button called "Install Wordpress".

If you need to stop work now, make sure that you either

have received the administrator password via email or
recorded the admin password securely.

If you have not, you will need to remove the database tables and start again which is not covered by this chapter. Otherwise, copy the admin password, and press the "Login" button.

The initial administrator user name is "admin" without the quotes. Type that in the user field and paste the password in the password field. If you are working on a shared computer, do not check the "Remember me" box.

The first thing that should be done upon logging in is to create a new user for yourself with a memorable password.

Click the Users tab towards the right side of the top menu bar.
Scroll down the page until you see the "Add New User" heading.
Enter your username, your email address and your new password. Set the Role drop down menu to Administrator and press the "Add User" button.

The last thing that should be done before finishing the WordPress install is to change the permissions of the web root directory back to something more secure. Via FTP/sFTP Set the permissions or CHMOD of the root directory to read/write/execute for the owner only, and read/execute for groups and other users. From the command line.

sudo chown `whoami` webroot/

Installation and some minor configuration is now complete. If you browse to the front page of your blog you should now see a standard install of WordPress with (nearly) no content and with your blog title at the top of the page.

Get a WordPress.com blog

If you do not wish to host your own blog, or do not have that option for one reason or another, you can still run a WordPress blog by signing up for a free account with the makers of WordPress themselves. Although a blog set up at WordPress.com will not be as customisable as one that you host elsewhere, you will not have to spend time or money setting it up, getting it working or dealing with maintenance in the future.

Get a Wordpress Account

Go to the WordPress.com sign up page :
http://www.wordpress.com/signup/
Choose a username for yourself. Note: this does not have to be the name of your blog.
Choose a password and enter it once in each of the boxes provided. Note, if the status bar underneath the password field does not say "Good" or "Strong", then you will not be able to proceed.
Enter a valid email address that you can access.
Read the "Terms of Service" and check the "Legal Flotsam" checkbox.
Select the "Gimme a blog! (Like username.wordpress.com)" radio button
Press the "Next" button. Note, if your username is taken, or your password isn't strong enough, you will need to change those before continuing.

Choose a Domain Name

On the next page you can set the subdomain of your blog. Note: you will not be able to change this once it is set.

A subdomain is a 'child' of a regular domain. In this example, the domain name is wordpress.com, and our subdomain is "flossmanuals". Therefore, our web address, or URL, is http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com.

Domain

You can also give your blog it's title. You can change the title in the future if you need to. You should now also set the language using the drop down menu.

And finally, press the "Signup" button.
Signup

If all goes well at this point (your subdomain will have to be unique, or you will be asked to change it) you should see saying "Your account is now active!".

Log In to Your New Blog

Once you've received an e-mail with a password, browse to the domain you chose.

Find the Meta section in the sidebar and then click the Login link.

Use your login credentials; you should have received them by e-mail after having followed the confirmation link.

If all went well, you're logged in to your new blog (what once said 'login' should now say 'logout').

Podcasting with WordPress

To proceed with podcasting using WordPress this you will need the following :

A WordPress blog on your server or a WordPress.com blog with a "Space Upgrade" (a minimum of $20 USD).
Audio or video files that you wish to publish.

Create your media

First, create your media file. You can choose almost any media file but you should know that iTunes and iPods specifically support the following formats: .m4a, .mp3, .mov, .mp4, .m4v, and .pdf.

To ensure that as many people as possible can access your content it's best to use mp3 for audio. Video can be in a variety of formats though mp4 is recommended specifically for iPods. Remember podcasting is not just about iPods, most computers will be able to subscribe to podcasts and play the media files you download.

Uploading the audio file

Login to your WordPress blog. In the example we will use the example flossmanuals blog : http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/wp-admin/

Note: If you are using the "free" WordPress.com blog service, you will need to pay in order to upload mp3's to your site. Follow the link in the wp-admin page called "Upgrades". Click on the 'Upgrades' tab to view this.

http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/wp-admin/paid-upgrades.php
Create a new post using the 'Write' tab in the topbar
Title your new podcast, and change the "Post" subsection from "Visual" to "Code" view.
Scroll down the page until you see the "Uploads" subsection. (Video podcasting works slightly differently if you are using WordPress.com instead of your own website. See the additional notes in the "Advanced" section below.)
1. Press the "Browse" button next to the File input area beneath the Uploads tab. Do not confuse the "Browse" button with the "Browse" or "Browse All" tabs.
2. Locate and select the media file on your computer's system.
3. Title the file in the field provided beneath.
4. Press the "Upload" button at the bottom of the "Uploads" subsection. Do not confuse the "Upload" button with the "Uploads" tab.
5. For some time your browser will be busy uploading the new file to the web server. Be patient and do not close the browser or press Stop, Reload or Back buttons.
6. When the upload is complete, the "Uploads" subsection will automatically switch to the "Browse" tab displaying your newly uploaded file.
7. From the "Browse" tab, select "Show: Title" and "Link to: File" before pressing the "Send to editor" button.
8. Identify that the "Post" subsection above now contains the HTML code for a link to the mp3 file. Make sure that the link is 'absolute' and gives the full path. eg:
  http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/files/2008/02/spirittxt.mp3
  not /files/2008/02/spirittxt.mp3
Any additional text in the "Post" section of the "New Post" page will be added into the "Description" field of the podcast.
Optionally, add the post to a podcast category in the right hand sidebar.
Finally press the Publish button. It is located between the "Post" (or "Tags") subsection and the "Uploads" subsection. Momentarily, your Post page will be replaced with a new empty Post page, with the words "Post saved" in the top alert box. Adjacent to that, there is a "View post" link. Click that now.

Publishing the podcast

WordPress automatically understands how to publish podcasts. It looks for a link to an mp3 within a post, and formats the RSS feed appropriately. All you need to do now is advertise the RSS feed. If you are using Firefox you will see that there is an RSS icon in the location bar.

If you are using the default WordPress template, then you will see an "Entries (RSS)" link in the footer of every page. If you click on either of those, you will see the RSS feed for your blog, including the podcast posts.

053_blog_feed

http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/feed/

Firefox will automatically offer to subscribe you to this feed. If you have iTunes or another mp3 player installed, you may be able to use the "Subscribe to this feed using..." dialog box at the top of the page. 060_subscribe_with_itunes

Testing the podcast

Either attempt to get Firefox to automatically subscribe you to your new feed, or copy the feed link and open your music player. Using iTunes, you can use the menu item Advanced > Subscribe to Podcast. Simply paste in the feed URL that you had copied earlier. Once you have done that, iTunes will connect (by default) every day to your blog and download all the new media files that you have uploaded.

Select the Podcasts item in the Library sidebar.
Press the reveal arrow next to the title of your blog in the Podcasts list.
Double click on one of the files listed.

061_playing_from_itunes

Note: To force iTunes to update the podcast listing, right click on the blog title, and select "Update Podcast" from the contextual menu.

Songbird is a cross platform open source media player based on the Mozilla platform. To subscribe to a podcast using Songbird, select the menu item File > New Subscription…. Paste in the feed URL that you had copied earlier. Once you have done that, Songbird will connect (by default) every day to your blog and download all the new audio files that you have uploaded.

065_subscribe_songbird

Important: As of version 0.4 Songbird will fail to see any media files posted before a post that does not contain a media file. In order to work around this bug, follow the method Creating a podcasting category feed, outlined in the Advanced section below.

Advanced topics

Video podcasting using WordPress.com

There is a slight difference in the interface used on WordPress.com when you are dealing with video. Follow the steps above (1-4) until you get to 4f. The continue from here

Uploading video

When the upload is complete, the "Uploads" subsection will automatically switch to the "Videos" tab displaying your newly uploaded video. It will show a small still from the video, probably with the word "Transcoding" printed over the top. This means that the WordPress.com server is converting (or transcoding) the video into its preferred format.
Click on the still image of the video you wish to podcast. You will see a small playable version of the video, and the "shortcode" for embedding the video in the post. You may add the shortcode to the post, but in order to podcast it, we need to add a proper link to the file. Click on the "Links" link on the right side of the "Videos" tab
Copy the full absolute link from the "File:" area.
In the "Post" section, above, type in the title of the video. Highlight the title and click on the "Link" button in the code editor. In the window that pops up, paste in the link that you copied from the video upload section below and press "OK"
Carry on with the instructions aboe from 4h.

Creating a podcasting category feed

To advertise a feed that contains only podcasts, or a subsection of podcasts, first add each of these posts into a category of their own. For example, "Podcasts" or "Video".

Secondly, visit your WordPress admin page and follow the topbar tabs to "Manage > Categories"http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/wp-admin/categories.php
Note down the category ID on the left hand side of the category that you created.
Now visit the main Feed page of your blog. For example, at WordPress.com http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/feed or on your own site http://wordlist.just1.name/?feed=rss2
Now append either a query to the end of the URL (web address) or extend the query if one already exists. The format is cat=[id] For example, on WordPress.com add ?cat=[id] http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/feed?cat=1142 or on your own server you might need to add &cat=[id] depending on your permalink settings. http://wordlist.just1.name/?feed=rss2&cat=37
An alternate method for WordPress.com follows the following format.
http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/category/podcast/feed/
Now press return or enter, and check that only the required posts are displayed.

References

WordPress podcasting documentation http://codex.wordpress.org/Podcasting
iTunes podcasting technical specifications http://www.apple.com/itunes/store/podcaststechspecs.html

Create a Free Audio Podcast

It is possible to create an audio podcast with a free Wordpress.com account. To do this you will first need to upload an audio file to a webserver or to a service that enables you to store media files (e.g. Archive.org or Blip.tv). However you must know the full or direct link (URL) to that file.

When you have uploaded your file, you need find a direct link to your mp3 file.

Now start a new post on Wordpress, enter a Title and some text for the post. Then we need to create a link to the audio file in the post.

wordpress_audio_1

Select some text and click on the part of the tool bar that looks like a chain.

You are presented with a window for pasting in the URL of the mp3 file. Put the link details in the "LINK/URL" field.

wordpress_audio_3

Now click on "Insert", then then return to your post and your link should have appeared in the text.

Click on "Publish" on the right of the screen.

wordpress_audio_6

Embed a streaming audio player

You may want to add a preview of the audio file. You might also call this a "click and listen" version. Again you need to know the full URL of the where you have that media file stored. This must be a direct link to that file.

Once you have a direct link to the file then you can create an entry in your wordpress.com blog to stream the audio file with a flash player.

Create an entry which describes your file and add the following code within the body text of the blog entry.

 [audio http://www.example.org/linkto.mp3]

This will look like this in the Wordpress interface.

wordpress_audio_5

Then click on "Publish" clicking on the button on the right.

wordpress_audio_6

Then when you look at your blog, if you have the flash plug-in installed, you'll see a player which you click on to play the audio file from your browser.

wordpress_audio_7

The player is quite basic but very functional.

wordpress_audio_8

Now that you have created a Podcast with streaming audio, you should learn how to find and promote your blog.

Create a Free Video Podcast

It is possible to create a video podcast (unfortunately sometimes called a vodcast) with a Wordpress.com account. You can do this in two different ways.

You can pay for a service to be able to upload video files
you can use a free account, upload your video files to another service and link to them.

This tutorial shows you how to use a free Wordpress account.

Create Podcast

To create a video podcast you need a way to create a RSS feed. If you add an entry to your blog in Wordpress and include a link to a Video file, then Wordpress will automatically create a podcast for you.

First you need to know the direct link to your video file. Then you will need to create a a normal Wordpress post.

Once you have started a new post on Wordpress, enter a Title and some text for the post. Then sselect some text and click on the link tool (it looks like a chain) and enter a link to the video file in the post as shown below.

wordpress1_1

Then click on "Publish".

You should have an entry linking to a video on your blog now (below is an example of what it migt look like) and you're ready for the next step.

wordpress_vid_6

Find your RSS feed / Video podcast

The next stage of the process is to be able to point people to the web address of your Podcast. With Wordpress.com this process is easy. The internet address of your podcast is simply your Blog address with /rss added to the end of it.

For example a Wordpress blog with a home page here.

http://mickfuzz.wordpress.com

Would have the following WordPress URL / rss

http://mickfuzz.wordpress.com/rss

If you go to that page in a podcast reader then you'll start to view the video podcast as a series of downloadable media files.

If you visit that page in a browser it should look something like this.

wordpress_rss

You'll probably want to find out more information about promoting your podcast as well now.

Changing the Look

WordPress allows you to change the look of your page. There are several ways in which this can be done. The most obvious way is to change the Theme you are using.

Themes

To change the theme of your Wordpress site you should log into your blog and in the Dashboard click on the "Design" link.

wp_design_1

When you have selected the Design tab you should see your current theme and then underneath that, a list of different themes that you can choose, their names and a screen shot of what they look like.

wp_design_2

You can filter the themes based on certain characteristics. For example if you wanted to only show themes which have 2 columns, then you could select that possibiliy from the drop down menu.

wp_design_3

Then click on the Filter button.

wp_design_4

Changing Themes

To change to one of the listed themes then click on either the title of the theme or the screenshot image of it.

You will then see a preview of your wordpress blog in the style of the theme.

wp_design_5

If you don't like the look of the theme or if you are not sure you can return to the previous page by clicking on the "x" in the top left of the preview screen :

wp_design_6

Or if you like the Theme and want to use it then click on the link in the top right of the preview screen :

wp_design_7

You might also want to change the design of your Wordpress blog by adding or changing the contents of your additional columns. This is done by adding Widgets.

Changing Widgets

Wordpress allows you to change the design and look of your page. There are several ways in which this is done. The most obvious way to affect your design is to change the Theme you are using. You can also add Widgets which are small pieces of code to add sections to the sidebars of your site.

Widgets

A Widget is a bit of text, a calendar, some links to other sites or other general stuff that you include in your blog that aren't blog posts or pages themselves.

By default Wordpress adds some widgets for you. If you haven't changed your theme you might see the following things in your second column.

wp_widget_1

The sections about Pages, Archive, Categories etc, are all your default Widgets. When you add your first Widget these default ones dissappear.

To add widgets to your Wordpress blog you must be using a theme which has at least one column, as this is where widgets live. This tutorial outlines how to use widgets on a theme with 2 columns. If you chose a theme with 3 columns then things get a bit more tricky.

Adding a Simple Widget

On the Design page click on the link named "Widget".

wp_widget_2

You will see a list of available Widgets on the left of the page (see below). You can click on Add to add those to your column.

wp_widget_3

One of the more simple widgets you can add is the Pages Widget. This will display a list of the Pages that you have created for your blog in the second column.

Have a play about with the different widgets by added them and clicking on "Save Changes" in the right column of the page, and checking how it affects the look of your blog.

Podcast Widget

You can get tricky with your widgets, we will try somehting a little more advanced. A more advanced use of a Widget could be to include an Image which links to your RSS feed. This is especially useful if you are linking to media files, as it will act as your podcast subscribe button. To do this you would add a Text Widget.

The Text Widget is very flexible and allows you to add text and HTML code to your sidebar.

This is very useful as it allows you to add a HTML text like a link to an image. We will use it to add a link to your Podcast in the form of an image.

To do this you should do the following.

Click on "Add" next to "Text" on the Widgets page.

wp_widget_4

Find an image which represents your podcast. For example I did a search for "RSS icon" and selected the following.

rss_img

You need to know the URL of this image, in this case it is : 'http://hartstoneideas.com/rss-img.jpg'

Click on "Edit" next to the "Text" link that has appeared on the right of your Widgets screen.

wp_widget_5

Next add the image to the Text Widget by entering the following code

<img src ="http://hartstoneideas.com/rss-img.jpg">

wp_widget_6

Then you should make that image into a link. You can do that by adding the following code around the code for the image.

<a href="http://moorsideradio.wordpress.com/rss">
<img src ="http://hartstoneideas.com/rss-img.jpg">
</a>

wp_widget_8

You will notice that the link is to your Wordpress RSS feed - this is used by players like iTunes or Songbird to download and play the file.

Note : You can find your RSS feed if you have a Wordpress blog by adding /rss to the URL of your blog. For example if your blog is here http://moorsideradio.wordpress.com

Then your RSS feed will be : "http://moorsideradio.wordpress.com/rss

That is all you have to do. Now publish the entry and check it in your browser. If you click on the image link you should be directed to the RSS Feed which may look something like this :

wp_widget_7

License

All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2

This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

Authors

INSTALLLING ON A SERVER
© Queen Victoria 2008
Modifications:
adam hyde 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Becky Faith 2008
mick fuzz 2008

SIGN UP FOR WORDPRESS.COM
© Queen Victoria 2008
Modifications:
adam hyde 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Becky Faith 2008
mick fuzz 2008

FREE VIDEO PODCASTING
© mick fuzz 2007, 2008
Modifications:
adam hyde 2007, 2008
Andrew Lowenthal 2008
Hadrian Bnin-Bninski 2007
Queen Victoria 2008

_{Free manuals for free software}

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Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

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: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
: b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
: c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
: b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
: c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY

11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS